Battle of South Mountain - Battle of South Mountain Civil War

Battle of South Mountain - Conflict: The Battle of South Mountain was part of the 1862 Maryland Campaign during the American Civil War. Battle of South Mountain - Date: Union forces attacked the gaps on September 14, 1862. Armies Commanders: Union Major General George B. McClellan28,000 men Confederates General Robert E. Lee18,000 men Battle of South Mountain - Background: In September 1862, Confederate General Robert E. Lee began moving his Army of Northern Virginia north into Maryland with the goal of severing the rail lines to Washington and securing supplies for his men. Dividing his army, he sent Major General Thomas Stonewall Jackson to capture Harpers Ferry, while Major General James Longstreet occupied Hagerstown. Pursuing Lee north, Union Major General George B. McClellan was alerted on September 13, that a copy of Lees plans had been found by soldiers from the 27th Indiana Infantry. Known as Special Order 191, the document was found in an envelope with three cigars wrapped in a piece of paper near a campsite recently used by Major General Daniel H. Hills Confederate division. Reading the orders, McClellan learned Lees marching routes and that the Confederates were spread out. Moving with uncharacteristic speed, McClellan began putting his troops in motion with the goal of defeating the Confederates before they could unite. To expedite passing over South Mountain, the Union commander divided his force into three wings. Battle of South Mountain - Cramptons Gap: The Left Wing, led by Major General William B. Frankin was assigned to capture Cramptons Gap. Moving through Burkittsville, MD, Franklin began deploying his corps near the base of South Mountain early on September 14. At the eastern base of the gap, Colonel William A. Parham commanded the Confederate defense which consisted of 500 men behind a low stone wall. After three hours of preparations, Franklin advanced and easily overwhelmed the defenders. In the fighting, 400 Confederates were captured, most of who were part of a reinforcement column sent to aid Parham. Battle of South Mountain - Turners Foxs Gaps: To the north, the defense of Turners and Foxs Gaps was tasked to the 5,000 men of Major General Daniel H. Hills division. Spread over a two mile front, they faced the Right Wing of the Army of the Potomac led by Major General Ambrose Burnside. Around 9:00 AM, Burnside ordered Major General Jesse Renos IX Corps to attack Foxs Gap. Led by the Kanawha Division, this assault secured much of land south of the gap. Pressing the attack, Renos men were able to drive Confederate troops from a stone wall along the crest of the ridge. Exhausted from their efforts, they failed to follow up this success and the Confederates formed a new defense near the Daniel Wise farm. This position was reinforced when Brigadier General John Bell Hoods Texas Brigade arrived. Re-commencing the attack, Reno was unable to take the farm and was killed in the fighting. To the north at Turners Gap, Burnside sent Brigadier General John Gibbons Iron Brigade up the National Road to attack Colonel Alfred H. Colquitts Confederate brigade. Overrunning the Confederates, Gibbons men drove them back up into the gap. Widening the assault, Burnside had Major General Joseph Hooker commit the bulk of I Corps to the attack. Pressing forward, they were able to drive the Confederates back, but were prevented from taking the gap by the arrival of enemy reinforcements, failing daylight, and rough terrain. As night fell, Lee assessed his situation. With Cramptons Gap lost and his defensive line stretched to the breaking point, he elected to withdraw west in an effort to reconcentrate his army. Aftermath of the Battle of South Mountain: In the fighting at South Mountain, McClellan suffered 443 killed, 1,807 wounded, and 75 missing. Fighting on the defensive, Confederate losses were lighter and numbered 325 killed, 1560 wounded, and 800 missing. Having taken the gaps, McClellan was in prime position to achieve his goal of attacking the elements of Lees army before they could unite. Unfortunately, McClellan reverted to the slow, cautious behavior which had been the hallmark of his failed Peninsula Campaign. Lingering on September 15, he provided time for Lee to reconcentrate the bulk of his army behind Antietam Creek. Finally moving forward, McClellan engaged Lee two days later at the Battle of Antietam. Despite McClellans failure to capitalize on the capture of the gaps, the victory at South Mountain provided a much needed victory for the Army of the Potomac and helped to improve morale after a summer of failures. Also, the engagement ended Lees hopes for staging a prolonged campaign on Northern soil and put him on the defensive. Forced into making a bloody stand at Antietam, Lee and the Army of Northern Virginia were compelled to retreat back to Virginia after the battle. Selected Sources Son of the South: Battle of South MountainCWSAC Battle Summaries: Battle of South Mountain

An Exposition of Romans 131-7 - 4378 Words

AN EXPOSITION OF ROMANS 13:1-7 THE CHRISTIAN AND CIVIL AUTHORITIES INTRODUCTION This exposition is designed first to set out the Apostle Pauls teaching on the relationship between Christians and civil authorities, and then to examine its contemporary application for Christians using the clearest New Testament text, Romans 13:1-7. This passage contains general commands for both Christians and non-Christians. Paul reasons that obedience is required as civil authorities have been ordained by God (13:1b-2) and because civil rulers are responsible to maintain civic order (13:3-4). Two motivations for obedience are the avoidance of wrath and the maintenance of a good conscience (13:5). Finally, the obligations of obedience are discussed†¦show more content†¦A few interpreters have argued that the one referred to here is, at least, partially a spiritual being. The main argument for this latter view is that elsewhere Paul uses the word authorities to describe angelic powers. There are four reasons that require the rejection of the spiritual beings view. First, when Paul uses this word to refer to spiritual beings, he always combines it with the word powers. That is not the case here. Second, other terms in this text that are parallel with authorities are not capable of this double meaning. They are called rulers in v. 3 and servants to whom taxes and tribute are due in v. 4. Throughout this passage, Paul uses terms that are taken from Greco-Roman government and administration, and there is no reason to think otherwise here. Third, nowhere does Paul speak of the redemption and conversion of these authorities. An appeal to Colossians 1:19-20 is tenuous since Jesus triumphs over them (Col 2:15), though they remain hostile (Eph 2:1-2). In view of 1 Corinthians 15:24 which tells of the destruction of all dominion, authority, and power at the return of Christ, it should be clear that, even if we give Colossians 1:19-20 the most general meaning possible, this reconciliation is yet future. Fourth, Paul never commands his readers to submit to such angelic beings. Quite the contrary, he counsels that believers should resist and oppose them. Thus, the governing authorities spoken of here are in reference toShow MoreRelatedPauls View On The Church1480 Words   |  6 Pageswill lay out what Paul believes and describes of what the church is, and what the church does. What is the Church? There are key references in the Bible that Paul talks about regard the church: Ephesians 1:22-23; 2:11-22; 3:3-9, Colossians 1:24-27; 1 Corinthians 12:12-13; Galatians 3:26-28, Romans 16:25-27. Church is also commonly known as the Temple of God. In Ephesians 2:21-22 refers that in Christ is made a new man that brings in Gentiles to be grafted in and be fellow heirs with the Body of ChristRead MoreEssay on Unit 4 Summary Assignment1456 Words   |  6 Pagesof the Classical Period Unit Summary (20 points) 1. Name two important visual artists (not musicians) from the Classical Period. (1 point) Jean-Honorà © Fragonard Jacques-Louis David 2. Name two important writers of literature (not musicians) from the Classical Period. ( 1 point) Voltaire Denis Diderot Jane Austen 3. Discuss the political events and sociological factors that made the Classical Period such a time of violent upheaval. (1 point) The years 1750 to 1820 were characterized byRead More12 Literary Piece1670 Words   |  7 Pages12 Literary piece that have Influenced the World 1. The Bible or the Sacred writings: This has become the basis of Christianity originating from Palestine and Greece 2. Koran: The Muslim bible originating from Arabia 3. The Iliad and the Odyssey: These have been the source of Myths and Legends of Greece. They were written by Homer. 4. The Mahabharata: The Longest epic of the world. It contains the history of religion in India. 5. Canterburry: it depicts the religion and customs ofRead MoreTheology of the Book of Romans4654 Words   |  19 Pagesseven chapters of the book of Romans the apostle Paul writes a logical and clear presentation of the Gospel as he systematically explains the sinfulness of mankind and God’s answer, justification by faith. Romans chapter 8 is a powerful summary and conclusion to the arguments Paul presents. This essay will highlight Paul’s dominant points sequentially from chapter one, making reference to the correlating verses Paul presents in summary in chapter eight. In Romans chapter one verses 16-17 Paul declaresRead MoreAndrogynous Pauline: Queering Gendering Expressions in 1 Thessalonians 2:1-122023 Words   |  9 PagesMichael Van Huis BIBL 440.J1 03.11.13 Androgynous Pauline: Queering Gender Expressions in 1 Thessalonians 2:1-12 Introduction At Abilene Christian University, the predominating discourse towards biblical exegesis circulates around two methodologies, the synchronic (social-rhetorical) and diachronic (historical-critical) approaches.1 Although both methods are required for valid exegesis, the tendency to gloss over nontraditional hermeneutics could tentatively result in detrimental ministry,Read MoreJUSTIFICATION BY FAITH3135 Words   |  13 PagesApostle Paul in Romans 1:17 where he starts by introducing God’s revelation to humankind concerning unrighteousness: That this was a God-given revelation in the beginning and throughout man’s history (faith to faith) within the â€Å"Gentile’s law of nature and the Jews law of Moses. However, Paul further exclaims, â€Å"that neither of them could be justified by their obedience to the respective laws under which they were, but that they both stood in ne ed of the righteousness of God.† [1] As Paul is strictlyRead MoreThe Apostles Creed3690 Words   |  15 PagesHistory and Origin........................................................................................................... 4 The Creed Articles.......................................................................................................... 7 The Apostles Creed and the Early Church..................................................................... 9 Summary and Conclusion............................................................................................... 11 Bibliography.Read MoreBibl450 Paper #1 Daniels 70 Weeks of Prophecy2440 Words   |  10 PagesPartial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for BIBL 450 By xxxxxxxx Table of Contents Introduction 3 The beginning of the Christian 3 Coming of Messiah 5 Counting of Weeks and Messiah 7 Why Daniel’s Prophecy is Disregarded 8 Conclusion 9 Bibliography 10 THE SEVENTY WEEKS PROPHESY OF DANIEL Introduction Angel Gabriel in about 538 BC gives the Prophecy of seventy weeks in this text. 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Conclusion 12 Bibliography 13 JUSTIFICATION BY FAITH â€Å"Justification by faith alone† (justificatioRead MoreExegetical Paper on James 2:18-263102 Words   |  13 Pages Darden Burleson, TX March 8, 2015 Contents Introduction 4 Context 5 Historical-Cultural Context 5 Literary Context 6 Analysis of Text 7 James 2:18-19: Objections to False Faith 7 James 2:20-24: Examples of Faith 9 Verses 2:25-26: Rahab 11 Conclusion 11 Appendix A: Block Diagram of James 2:18-26 Using the ESV Bible 13 Introduction Throughout the history of the Bible, few words have had more controversy than the words, faith, works, and justification. James’ uses a

Power and Dependency Free Essays

Section B: The Power-Dependency Relationship In order to understand power, one must understand that it comes from dependency. Power and dependence have a causal relationship in that power creates dependence and vice versa. In addition, power and dependence are positively correlated because the degree of power A has over B is equal to the degree of dependence A has on B (Molm, 1990). We will write a custom essay sample on Power and Dependency or any similar topic only for you Order Now Therefore, the more power A has over B, the more dependent B will be on A. â€Å"Dependence increases when the resource [one controls] is important, scarce, and non-substitutable (Robbins amp; Judge, 2013)†. To illustrate this point, consider the following: 1. Importance – If A places great value on a resource B controls, then A’s dependence on B increases. For example in the given scenario, Employee 1 places great value on receiving a large bonus that will be used to go on a much needed vacation. Since the bonus depends on the performance review rating given by the manager, Employee 1’s dependence on the manager increases. This can also be demonstrated in Employee 3’s case. The sales team places high importance on increasing sales. Employee 3 used referent power to convince the team to try the new idea and was selected to lead the team. The sales team is now dependent on Employee 3 to be their leader and generate increased sales. 2. Scarcity – If A has sole control over a resource that B considers valuable or important then B will be solely dependent on A. For instance, Employee 2 is the only CPA in the company and as a result is the only employee able to prepare financial statements. CPA’s are scarce in the company therefore the accounting manager’s dependence on Employee 2 increases. The manager is solely dependent on Employee 2 to complete this vital task for the company. Another example can be seen in Employee 1’s case. Employee 1’s manager has sole control over the performance review rating which means that he or she is solely dependent on the manager. 3. Non-Substitutability – The less alternatives there are for a resource which A controls and B requires, the more B will be dependent on A for that resource. The Accounting Manager over Employee 2 has Legitimate Power to approve the shortened workweek and that power cannot be substituted by any other employee in the company. As a result, Employee 2 is solely dependent on the manager to approve the schedule. How to cite Power and Dependency, Papers

Power and Manipulation free essay sample

He broke the medieval trance that Jane was in, â€Å"The man, the human being, broke the spell at once† she was expecting a Gytrash, a mystical creature that lies in wait of lonely travellers to lead them astray, a metaphor for Mr Rochester, he may not be a gytrash but he is a mystical man that attempts to lead Jane into a world of secrecy and manipulates her feelings for him. Charlotte Bronte describes Rochester for the first time as being â€Å"middle height and considerable breadth of chest†, he has a well built figure which makes him appear strong and authoritative. Rochester plays a game with Jane on their first meeting; he does not unveil who he is when Jane indicated that she has come from Thornfield Hall, instead he quizzes her about what she knows of him ands what her position is within the house, she openly tells him that she is the governess. He then spends two minutes analysing her while he is sat and Jane is stood before him. This is a trait of power, she allows him to scrutinise her and judge her without hesitation, two minutes is a long time to be dissected by a man she has never met before. Jane has no fear of Mr Rochester, therefore continues to try and help him, however she does express that â€Å"Had he been a handsome, heroic-looking young gentleman, I should have dared to stand thus questioning him against his will†. This shows that although he is asserting power over her, she is not threatened by him nor is he flustered by him. Up to this point in the book, we have learnt that Jane has had no interaction with men, the only men she has known have been her uncle Mr Reed and Mr Brocklehurst who is the head of Lowood and he showed injustice to Jane by humiliating her when she first arrived at the school. Her meeting with Mr Rochester is her first meeting with a man who, as far as she is aware, is not an authority figure in her life but she still feels as if she needs to obey him. This is shown when he requests her to fetch his horse, â€Å"I should have been afraid to touch a horse alone, but when told to do it, I was disposed to obey† Hi final statement to Jane seems like an order that he would give to a servant â€Å"now make haste with the letter to Hay, and return as fast as you can. He wants Jane back at Thornfield quickly so he can act out the rest of his game, which is soon realised by Jane when she returns to see the same dog, Pilot and to be told that the master, Mr Rochester has returned to Thornfield with a sprained ankle after a fall. When Mr Rochester requests that Jane and Adele join him in the dining room the next evening, he seems to have done so to try and humiliate Jane further. He has requested her company but ignores her presence when she enters, furthermo re he asserts his authority by adding â€Å"What the deuce is it to me whether Miss Eyre be there or not? At this moment I am not disposed to accost her. † This statement alone is enough to make anyone feel unwanted and unwelcomed, Jane however is quite â€Å"disembarrassed†, she has experienced a similar scenario in the past with Mr Brocklehurst. When Rochester does acknowledge Jane he asks her if she expects a present from him, which of course she does not, this may be an attempt to try and tongue tie Jane, although she knows very little of gift receiving she is aware that this social situation is not warranted for a gift and expressed this, â€Å"since I am a stranger, and have done nothing to entitle me to an acknowledgment†. Jane does not give Rochester the satisfaction of degrading her by accepting a gift of a compliment of her achievement with Adele. This reaction causes Rochester to continue his tea in silence. The game continues; Mr Rochester wants the upper hand back, he quizzes Jane on her situation and her past, she freely gives him the information he requires even though the information is personal and he plays on the misfortunes of Jane’s previous life. He also accuses her of bewitching his orse, he recognized that Jane was day dreaming of another world when they met. He is quick to respond to Mrs Fairfax’s appreciation of Jane’s presence, â€Å"Don’t trouble yourself to give her a character†, â€Å"eulogiums will not bias me; I shall judge for myself. She began by felling my horse. † Mr Rochester continues to manipulate the conversation to his advantage, he wants to know all about Jane and in a small conversation he learns she is an orphan with no other family, she was shunned by her Aunt Reed and since has lived a life of an nun. He also requests that she proves her accomplishments, when she states that she can a little piano he orders her to play, although he does recognize that he is ordering her about, but states that he cannot treat her differently from the other â€Å"inmates† of Thornhill. He continued to question her abilities when he views her sketches, presuming that she is not capable of such work on her own. He keeps her in conversation for some time but very quickly turns it round on her when he recognizes that Jane has allowed Adele to stay up later than usual, â€Å"what are you about, Miss Eyre, to let Adele sit up so long? Take her to bed. † The two above meetings show that Mr Rochester will use his position of the house to assert his power over Jane, she has clearly caught his attention but he will not show it as he is unsure what it is about her that seems appealing. He suggests at one point that he wants to speak to her on a more equal footing but he cannot be seen as treating her differently to other staff in his household. They both see each other as a mystical creature, Jane saw him originally as a Gytrash, whereas he believes Jane bewitched his horse. When Rochester asks Jane if she finds him handsome, she initially rejects his ego by simply answering â€Å"No, sir†, a response that Mr Rochester does not take lightly. Later in the conversation he repays the insult that she too quickly passed him â€Å"and though you are not pretty any more than I am handsome† It almost seems that he wants to control the conversation and the situation where Jane is involved but her conversational skills for her position are quisitive to Rochester. He starts to enjoy and request the company of Jane to pass the evening time. Within these conversations Jane tries not to be submissive to Rochester. She respects his authority but does not yield to it too quickly, she challenges him, this is supported by her thoughts â€Å"If he expects me to talk for the mere sake of talking and showing off, he will find he has addressed himself to the wrong person,†. This for a short time gives Jane a little of the control that they have been battling over since they first met, he goes on to try and apologise in his own way to Jane for being â€Å"superiority†. They go on to have a conversation regarding Mr Rochester being masterful over Jane, this seems awkward as not many household masters would address their governess in this way, she denies him he right to command based on his age and travels but on the experiences that he has drawn from his travels and what he has learnt that Jane could never. It is in this chapter that the relationship seems to adjust, he asks Jane to receive his orders and demands occasionally without being hurt or offended by his tone. Again this is unusual for the situation they are in, Mr Rochester now appears to be putting Jane on an equal footing with the exception of keeping up appearances when other â€Å"inmates† are present. In Chapter 15, Rochester opens up to Jane by explaining how he came about having Adele as his ward. He explains that Adele’s mother, Celine Varens was once his mistress, who he was extremely fond of. He was flattered by her interest in him, â€Å"ugly as he was†, in appreciation of this Rochester showed his affection by showing her in gifts. Celine betrayed him by loving his rival, an instant end to their relationship. He later learnt that Celine had a child, of which he was the alleged father, a claim he has never stood by. Nevertheless, when Celine abandoned her daughter, Rochester took the responsibility of Adele and brought her to England as his ward. There are many ways to dissect the reason to why Rochester decided to share this information with Jane, one theory perhaps is to manipulate her feelings for him. So far in the story he has been a strong and powerful character, yet with this information you see a softer side to Rochester. He may also realise that Jane and Adele have similarities between them and plays on the act that Jane will see him as a saviour to Adele, to whom she has come to care for, he has prevented Adele from living the same life Jane has. The secrecy in their growing relationship grows when Mr Rochester’s bed is set alight. Jane goes to his rescue by waking him before the flames engulf him. This is the first scene where Jane doesn’t really understand what is going on around her, she can see no logical reason to why someone would want to hurt Rochester, her only presumption is that Grace Poole is responsible, Grace is only person in Thornfield that Jane is weary of, she is unsure of her position within the house. Rochester confirms her suspicions, although to the reader it is apparent that the suspensions are unwarranted. Jane later finds it strange that Rochester does not address the matter with Grace Poole. Also in this chapter, you see the first real signs of affection from Rochester towards Jane, as a reader we have already learnt that Jane’s feelings for Rochester have developed. In the same scene, when Rochester returns, he is surprised when Jane tries to take her exit, he appears hurt that she wants to leave him at this time. The shake hands and they experience a moment where neither one lets go and tensions are rising. This is Rochester’s and Jane’s confirmation that their relationship could develop. Once again a game is introduced, Rochester leaves the next morning, leaving Jane feeling confused and seeking his attention once more. When he returns with Blanche Ingram, his sole intention is to see Jane’s reaction towards her, although this is not apparent to the reader at first. Blanche Ingram is everything that Jane is not, she is described as being â€Å"as brilliant as her jewels†, tall, elegant and worthy. With this move Rochester shatters Jane causing her to suppress her feelings for him. When Jane keeps to her station and does not address Rochester during an evening reception he wants an explanation to why, the whole situation is to manipulate Jane, she is close to tears, Rochester knows why but insists on bringing the subject up anyway. He goes on to request Jane to attend each evening reception. From the readers view, this is a man that is purposely torturing Jane. He wants full control and to achieve his control he firstly has to break Jane down so she an be grateful when he does show her attention. However on the flip side, Rochester very nearly slips up when saying goodnight to Jane, â€Å"Good-night my-† this seems sincere enough, however it may be another manipulation tool that he uses against Jane. Overall, the relationship between Rochester and Jane is in constant motion. From the offset they are playing with each other, Jane continuously defies Rochester by refusing to be submissive to him and challenges him in conversation which is what sparks his initial attraction to Jane. Rochester does manipulate Jane in many ways. He is much older than she is, he is well travelled and has more experience in life than Jane could dream of. He uses the fact that Jane is young, naive and lead a sheltered life to his advantage. Jane has never experienced any sort of relationship with a man before, although she has a strong character she is not accustomed to dealing with feelings of the heart. I cannot say that i agree or disagree with the opening statement. I do believe that manipulation, power and secrecy are the foundation of their relationship but from both parties. Jane continuously fights for the control and keeps her own secrets from Rochester, especially regarding her feelings for him. I also believe that Jane does do well to escape Rochester in the end, so she can grow as a person but I disagree that love was not involved. I believe Rochester did fall in love with Jane but due to his past experience with Celine, he had to confirm that Jane’s feelings were true and honorable.